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Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond, by Paul Clements, Felix Bachmann, Len Bass, David Garlan, James Ivers, Reed Little,
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Architecture is crucial to the success of any large software system -- but even a superb architecture will fail if it isn't communicated well. Now, there's a language- and notation-independent guide to capturing architecture so it can be used successfully by every analyst, software designer, and developer. The authors review the diverse goals and uses of software architecture documentation, providing documentation strategies for several common scenarios. They identify the basic unit of software architecture documentation: the viewtype, which specifies the type of information to be provided in an architectural view. For each viewtype -- Modules, Component-and-Connectors, and Allocation -- they offer detailed guidance on documenting what really matters. Next, they demonstrate how to package architecture documentation in coherent, usable form: augmenting architectural views with documentation of interfaces and behavior; accounting for architectural variability and dynamic systems; and more.
- Sales Rank: #1800715 in Books
- Published on: 2002-10-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.48" h x 1.40" w x 6.52" l, 1.89 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 560 pages
From the Back Cover
"This book is of immense value. It should save you months of trials and errors, lots of undeserved hassle, and many costly mistakes that could potentially jeopardize the whole endeavor. It will become an important reference on the shelf of the software architect."
—From the Foreword by Philippe Kruchten, Rational Software Canada
"There is probably no better set of authors to write this book. The material is readable. It uses humor effectively. It is nicely introspective when appropriate, and yet in the end it is forthright and decisive....This is a tour de force on the subject of architectural documentation."
—Robert Glass, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Systems and Software and Editor/Publisher, The Software Practitioner
For all but the most trivial software systems, you must pay close attention to the architecture—the conceptual glue that holds every phase of a project together for its many stakeholders. Without an architecture that is appropriate for the problem being solved, the project will stumble along or, most likely, fail. Even with a superb architecture, if that architecture is not well understood or well communicated—in other words, well documented—the project cannot be considered a complete success.
Although architecture is now widely recognized as a critical element in software development, there has been little guidance independent of language or notation on how to capture it. Based on the authors' extensive experience, Documenting Software Architectures helps you decide what information to document, and then, with guidelines and examples (in various notations, including UML), shows you how to express an architecture in a form that everyone can understand. If you go to the trouble of creating a strong architecture, you must also be prepared to describe it thoroughly and clearly, and to organize it so that others can quickly find the information they need.
Essential topics for practitioners include:
- Seven rules for sound documentation
- The uses of software architecture documentation, including goals and strategies
- Architectural views and styles, with general introductions and specific examples
- Documenting software interfaces and software behavior
- Templates for capturing and organizing information to generate a coherent package
0201703726B08222002
About the Author
Paul Clements is a senior member of the technical staff at the SEI, where he works on software architecture and product line engineering. He is the author of five books and more than three dozen papers on these and other topics.
Len Bass is a senior member of the technical staff at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). He has written or edited five books and numerous papers on software engineering and other topics. He has extensive experience in architecting real-world development projects.
Robert L. Nord, a member of the software architecture program at SCR, designs and evaluates software architectures for large-scale industrial systems. Dr. Nord, currently the Siemens industrial resident affiliate at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) in Pittsburgh, is working on methods for architecture trade-off analysis and product-line practices. His other interests include transitioning software design practices, improving architecture practices using software architecture improvement groups, and architecture-based development.
0201703726AB01162003
Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
For all but the most trivial software system, success will be elusive if you fail to pay careful attention to its architecture: the way the system is decomposed into constituent parts and the ways those parts interact. Without an architecture that is appropriate for the problem being solved, the project will fail. Even with a superb architecture, if it is not well understood and well communicated—in other words, well documented—the project is likely to flounder.
Accordingly, software architecture is at the center of a frenzy of attention these days. A new book about it seems to pop out monthly. In response to industrial need, universities are adding software architecture to their software engineering curricula. It's now common for "software architect" to be a defined position in organizations, and professional practice groups for software architects are emerging. Software architecture has been the subject of major international conferences and workshops. The purveyors of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) promote their product by calling it "the standard notationfor software architecture," a claim that may say at least as much about the pervasiveness of architecture as about UML. The Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon University (SEI) maintains a bibliography of about 1,000 journal and conference papers on software architecture.
Rather surprisingly, practical guidance that is independent of language or notation for how to capture an architecture is lacking. To be sure, piles of books exist about how to use a particular language—again, UML comes to mind—but what an architect really needs is guidance in which architecture is a first-class citizen, with language relegated more appropriately to a supporting role.
First, let's agree on some basic context. The field has not anointed a single definition of software architecture, and so there are many, but we can specify the one we'll use, which is adapted from Bass, Clements, and Kazman (1998). Although much of this book is about the meaning of elements and relationships, we use this definition now to emphasize the plurality of structures that exist in architectures. Each structure is characterized by various kinds of elements and relationships, and each structure provides a view that imparts a particular kind of understanding of the architecture.
Definition: A software architecture for a system is the structure or structures of the system, which consist of elements, their externally visible properties, and the relationships among them.
"Externally visible properties" are those assumptions other components can make of a component, such as its provided services, quality attribute properties, shared resource usage, and so on.
The architecture serves as the blueprint for both the system and the project developing it, defining the work assignments that must be carried out by design and implementation teams. The architecture is the primary carrier of system qualities, such as performance, modifiability, and security, none of which can be achieved without a unifying architectural vision. Architecture is an artifact for early analysis to make sure that the design approach will yield an acceptable system. Architecture holds the key to post-deployment system understanding, maintenance, and mining efforts. In short, architecture is the conceptual glue that holds every phase of the project together for all its many stakeholders.
Documenting the architecture is the crowning step to crafting it. The perfect architecture is useless if it has not been expressed understandably. If you go to the trouble of creating a strong architecture, you must go to the trouble of describing it in enough detail, without ambiguity, and organized so that others can quickly find needed information. Otherwise, your effort will have been wasted, because the architecture will be unusable.
The audience for this book includes the people involved in the production and consumption of architectural documentation: the community of software developers. The goal of this book is to help you decide what information about an architecture is important to capture and to provide guidelines, notations, and examples for capturing it. We intend this book to be a practitioner-oriented guide to the various kinds of information that constitute an architecture. We give practical guidance for choosing what information should be documented and show—with examples in various notations, including but not limited to UML—how to describe that information in writing so that others can use it to carry out their architecture-based work: implementation, analysis, recovery, and so on. Therefore, we cover
* Uses of software architecture documentation. How one documents depends on how one wishes to use the documentation. We lay out possible end goals for architecture documentation and provide documentation strategies for each.
* Architectural views. We hold that documenting software architecture is primarily about documenting the relevant views and then augmenting this information with relevant information that applies beyond views. The heart of the book is an introduction to the most relevant architectural views, grouped into three major families, which we call viewtypes, along with practical guidance about how to write them down. Examples are included for each.
* Packaging the information. Once the views have been understood, the problem remains of choosing the relevant views, including information not contained in a view, and packaging all the information as a coherent whole. We give practical advice for all these facets.
We believe strongly in the importance of architecture in building successful systems. But no architecture can achieve this if it is not effectively communicated, and documentation is the key to successful communication. We hope that we have provided a useful handbook for practitioners in the field.
—P.C.C.,
Austin, Texas
—F.B., L.B., D.G., J.I., R.L., R.N., J.S.,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
0201703726P08302002
Most helpful customer reviews
42 of 44 people found the following review helpful.
The best to date
By wiredweird
Software architecture really is unlike any other aspect of its design. The architecture has deeper meaning and larger scale than any other aspect, and can't be discussed in the same ways.
This book opens that discussion. Among the "architecture" books I've read lately, this is the only one to offer concrete advice on describing, presenting, and analyzing archtiectural features of a system. It identifies a number of documentation types and variations. It also identifies a number of different readers - developers, future architects, users, etc. - and addresses their different documentation needs.
The authors use a little UML, but not a lot. For one thing, standard UML works at too low a level for architectural discussion. Classes, and even hierarchies of class inheritance are such fine-grained entities that architecture gernerally won't address them. Instead, the authors offer a number of diagramming styles of their own. For once, I agree with the need for non-standard notation.
Even so, I think they under-utilize the existing standards in favor of their own terminology and notation. They could have used a UML profile for lots of the discussion. It would have had to be a new profile, however, not just a force-fit of the real-time profile. They also under-used the existing architecture standards (IEEE/ANSI, DoD, NASA, and more) in favor of their own discussion. Maybe their approach can be used in any of those frameworks, but that should have been more explicit.
I see only one major flaw in this book, the assumption that a software system's architecture describes the program delivered to a customer. That's way too narrow. A large system includes things like test harnesses, debug instrumentation, application-specific QA tools, and user documentation of many kinds. Those can be major undertakings of their own. They are intimately tied to the delivered software, and may constrain the actual product.
On the postivie side, this book offer an extensive real-world case study. That probably doubles the book's value, by putting a concrete face on the otherwise abstract discussion.
There are two ways to use this book: you can agree with it, or think about it and disagree with it. If you really think about it, though, you get it's full value whether you agree or not.
In other words, you can't lose by reading this book.
40 of 43 people found the following review helpful.
Should be an establish standard for documenting
By Mike Tarrani
Since reading a fascinating document titled "CMU/SEI-2001-TN-010 - Documenting Software Architectures: Organization of Documentation Package" a year ago and discovering that the approximately 20-page document was the basis for a book I have patiently waited, and am delighted with how the book turned out.
First, this book stands out as one of the clearest descriptions of how to not only document architectures, but how to manage the documentation project. Second, this is not a dogmatic prescription for how to document, but instead gives a set of techniques and views that can be used singularly or in combination to produce documentation that meets the needs of all technical and business stakeholders.
When I read the brief predecessor to this book I liked the way different view types and styles were introduced, but was left to my own imagination and creativity to employ them based on scant descriptions. This book rectifies those gaps by providing comprehensive guidance on how to create each view type and when it's most appropriate for inclusion into the documentation project. I was also intrigued by the earlier document because it discussed 'information chunking', which is the basis for a technique in which I'm trained and certified called Information Mapping�. The book expands on the earlier work, and it turns out that the material is not only consistent with Information Mapping� at a high level, but also shares many core principles. To me this is another plus because it will introduce readers who have not benefited from formal Information Mapping� training to powerful and effective document design and development techniques.
Another strong point about this book is the attention paid to managing the documentation process - it's one thing to write clear documentation and quite another to manage a process where many writers contribute to the documentation. I also liked the illustration examples, which epitomize how to effectively portray technical detail, and the discussion of other methods of documenting architecture.
In my opinion this book should become the standard for developing and managing documentation. It belongs on the desk of every technical writer and on the bookshelf of every architect and designer. I waited a year for this book and it was well worth the wait.
38 of 42 people found the following review helpful.
The only technical documentation book you'll need
By Linda Zarate
After reading my colleague's comments I rushed out and purchased this book. I, too, am trained and certified in Information Mapping� and was impressed at how closely the approach in this book is aligned to that method. However, what I like most is the fact that this book can be used as guidance for a wider scope than just documenting software architectures because it shows how to organize your documentation requirements, develop clear documentation and manage the entire process from start to finish.
I also like the clearly articulated and illustrated advice about how to augment text with graphics, and how to select the views and associated graphics to document requirements, specifications and the finished architecture. An example of how this book goes beyond documenting just architectures is a project in which I was engaged two years ago. One of the major deliverables was a set of operations guides. While this is related to architecture with respect to how its used after it's in production, there were no books that fully described how to go about it in a coherent way. Using the advice and techniques in this book I could have greatly improved upon what I did produce. While I cannot change the past, you can be sure that I'll use this book to its fullest the next time I need to write ops guides, especially when it comes to showing component and connector views, and elements and relations.
If you do technical writing either professionally or as a part of your job get this book and keep it nearby. If you read and use the material you're ability to communicate will surely improve, and you'll be able to tailor your documentation to each segment of your audience (business and technical), as well as to clearly communicate information. You'll also learn much about managing the documentation process itself.
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